Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asds ) - 1988 Words

Introduction: This research paper is on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). This paper is being written from a nursing standpoint, leading into a further investigation and understanding about what this disorder is, beyond a summarized section in a nursing textbook. In nursing, it is important that we try to learn as much as possible about diseases and disorders, so we can provide proper care. Pathophysiology: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a group of complex â€Å"neurological developmental disorders† consisting of Aspergers, Autism, and pervasive development disorder (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, Wilson, 2010, P. 1198). Recognized around twenty-four to forty-eight months of age, ASD is more common in males than females, and occurs in â€Å"1 to 166 children,† and can range from mild to severe (Perry, 2010, p. 1198). A mild case of autism can require little supervision, while a severe case of autism requires intense supervision because of their tendency to harm themselves (Perry, 2010, p. 1198). Many of the clinical manifestations of ASD may appear during social interaction, during communication, and may also be observed in their behavior (Perry, 2010, p. 1198). One common sign of ASD can be observed during communication/ interaction with the child, as many will present with a lack of eye contact and body contact (Perry, 2010, p. 1198). Some other signs that a chil d may present with is the failure of peer relationship formation, lack of spontaneity/ interest, languageShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013 (Kress Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA, 2013). The DSM-5 merged all autism

The Tolkien s The Hobbit - 1294 Words

A Fire-breathing dragon is tracing the edges of the mountain with flames spitting from his mouth, shouting â€Å"I am fire. I am death!†Ã¢â‚¬ Bilbo is pacing himself to escape these angry flames as echoes of roars surround him. How did Bilbo Baggins get to such a place?In this novel The Hobbit,written by J.R.R Tolkien, a hobbit named Bilbo is enjoying a pipe on his front porch when he is confronted by an elder man that Bilbo recognizes as a wizard named Gandalf, though his suspicion continues to grow.Gandalf asks Bilbo to join him on a mission and Bilbo quickly declines this offer due to his lack of interest in adventure and invites Gandalf for some tea sometime, only to not seem rude. The next day Bilbo is shocked to hear a ring at his doorbell and is even more surprised to be bombarded with a trail of dwarfs crowding his comfortable little hobbit hole, Bilbo begins to grow confused and annoyed. The dwarfs eat nearly every piece of food in Bilbo s pantry before they finally decide to settle down and talk business with Baggins. The company provides Bilbo with a greater and deeper understanding of this mission, after a lot of persuasion Baggin’s agrees to join the company of dwarfs on a mission to regain the treasures that Thorin’s grandfather mined and found at the mountain guarded by Smaug the dragon that they end up having to defeat and regain their stolen treasure.This changing Bilbo Baggin’s life forever. In The Hobbit Tolkien presents us with a strong theme of Bilbo’sShow MoreRelatedThe Tolkien s The Hobbit930 Words   |  4 PagesJ. R. R. Tolkien s novel The Hobbit is one of a kind. The novel revolves around the protagonist Bilbo Baggins and his journey not only of recovering the treasure from Smaug, but his journey becoming a hero. Through the main character Bilbo Baggins Tolkien changed my perspective on what a mythic hero is suppose to be. When the term â€Å"mythic hero† is brought up I visualize someone tha t is a stouthearted a warrior namely Achilles or Odysseus to be exact not a hobbit. A little friendly, good-naturedRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit1143 Words   |  5 Pagescollective fantasies that story our relationship to each other, the world and the universe. To tell a myth is to tell a culture s dream about its inner workings and truths. A myth tells its tale through symbol, image and metaphor. The Hobbit is a mythic image in our modern day society. It is written by J.R.R. Tolkien. This story is more myth than anything. The Hobbit acts as the sister myth to Sigurd and Volsung. There are many mythic images in both of these stories that represent more than meetsRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit1580 Words   |  7 PagesR.R Tolkien’s The Hobbit is arguably one of the most popular children s books of all time. The novel, because it includes characters such as trolls, elves, giants, goblins, and others is the reason that this story is a fairytale. This fairytale centers on a little hobbit known as Bilbo Baggins. It tracks the expedition of a group of dwarves, and a wizard, Gandalf, and their burglar, Bilbo as they travel to retrieve treasure that had been stolen from them long ago. The hobbit journeyed far, startingRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit862 Words   |  4 Pagesto tell a culture s dream about its inner workings and truths. Myth does not convey these truths literally, however. A myth tells its tale through symbol, image and metaphor. They don t explain so much as offer an enchanting, elevating or disturbing experience, sometimes warning us about where we should or should not go. Myths continually come back to life all around us. No one leaves them behind because we always face the recurring problems of life they address. The Hobbit is a mythic image inRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of a hero is an individual, man or woman, in which he or she exhibits immense courage, fortitude, and being humble. In today s culture, one might think of Batman or Wolverine as heroes, however, in J.R.R Tolkien s The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins redefines the entirety of the definition of a hero and deemed like no other. Throughout his adventure across middle-earth with the dwarves, Bilbo exemplifies several of these qualities. In contrast to both Norse and Anglo conceptions of heroismRead MoreThe Story Of The Tolkien s The Hobbit 2741 Words   |  11 Pagesthe classic trope of the quest, the journey serves as a metaphor for the personal growth of the questing character, for whom the quest is often the fulfillment of a personal destiny. The story of The Hobbit is very much one of these tales. This classic novel follows the story of a comfort-loving hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, who is sudde nly thrust into a world of adventure and danger by a group of dwarves led by Thorin Oakenshield and the somewhat mysterious wizard Gandalf. Their quest is to take back whatRead MoreWilliam Tolkien s The Hobbit 1315 Words   |  6 Pages What would it be like to embark on a journey or do something unlike anything else one has ever done before? Some may seek thrill and adventure, but living in the same world as a hobbit, one might think twice about venturing out. The Hobbit is an allegorical novel by J.R.R. Tolkien. The story follows the protagonist, Bilbo Baggins as he sets out to undertake a long journey with a wizard named Gandalf and thirteen dwarves. In the beginning of the novel Bilbo doesn’t feel the need to set out on a journeyRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit918 Words   |  4 Pagesthat they will fail. In the beginning of J.R.R. Tolkien’s the Hobbit several of the dwarves question Gandalf’s decision to bring Bilbo Baggins along, â€Å"Will he do, do you think? It is all very well for Gandalf to talk about this Hobbit being fierce, but one shriek like that in a moment of excitement would be enough to wake the dragon and all his relatives† (22). Of course one would question why Gandalf decided to bring a hobbit along. Hobbits are half the height of humans but they probably consume moreRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit1509 Words   |  7 Pages The inspiring novel, The Hobbit, written by J. R. R. Tolkien, definitely deserves the right to be considered a timeless classic. Tolkien uses the main character, Bilbo Baggins, a well respected hobbit, to explain how fast one’s life can change. Mr. Baggins doesn’t believe he will go on an adventure through Middle-Earth the day Gandalf comes to Bag End to tell him so. Nor does he think the many races he only heard of in stories, will face him in the mountain pass. As the expedition takes the readerRead MoreThe Tolkien s The Hobbit1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe events associated with J.R.R Tolkien’s book The Hobbit resembles a hero’s quest journey, step by step until the final stage. Bilbo Baggins is the main character in this book and his life sonorously fits into in a typical hero quest journey. The three primary components of Bilbo’s quest are, the call to adventure, tests, allies and enemies, and the reward. In the book The Hobbit, Bilbo’s life is very plain and simple until he embarks on a marvelous journey with thirteen dwarfs and the wizard Gandalf

Midwifery Continuity of Midwifery Care

Question: Discuss about the Midwifery forContinuity of Midwifery Care. Answer: Introduction: 1. The selected topic for the assignment is Continuity of midwifery care. The selected research papers for critical appraisal have been listed below. Tracy, S. K., Hartz, D. L., Tracy, M. B., Allen, J., Forti, A., Hall, B., Kildea, S. (2013). Caseload midwifery care versus standard maternity care for women of any risk: M@NGO, a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 382(9906), 1723 1732. Cummins, A. M., Denney-Wilson, E., Homer, C. S. E. (2015). The experiences of new graduate midwives working in midwifery continuity of care models in Australia. Midwifery, 31(4), 438444. 2. This step has been presented in the templates for qualitative and quantitative studies. 3. Search engines used: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library. Limits applied: Range of the date of publication 2006 to 2016. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Journals from Australian and midwifery background were included and journals of other healthcare disciplines, out of the publication date range and not of Australian origin were excluded. Search terms used: Midwifery, Australia and continuity of care. Assessment of articles: The selected papers satisfied the inclusion criteria and they were all within the range of date of publication. They were all carried out in the Australian backdrop keeping in focus the continuity of midwifery care. Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Author(s) Shona Dove and Eimear Muir - Cochrane A group of 10 researchers led by HL McLachlan Kathryn Williams, Luise Lago, Anne Lainchbury and Kathy Eagar Jenny Browne, Penny J Haora, Jan Taylor and Deborah L Davis Type of study Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative Purpose Examination of continuity of care on childbirth risk concepts for women and midwives Examination of the efficiency of primary midwifery care to decrease the rate of caesarean section over standard maternity care Evaluation of the satisfaction of mothers using the scheme of caseload midwifery Analysis of the experiences of continuity incorporating the perspectives of diverse stakeholders for optimizing experiences Sample 8 midwives, 1 obstetrician and 17 women 2314 pregnant women who were under low risk 174 women including 87 primiparous and multiparous women each 15 student midwives, 14 registered midwives and 6 maternity managers Design Critical ethnography Randomized controlled trial Postal survey linked with the outcomes of clinical data Focal group Data collection Carspeckens five-stage framework Electronic obstetric database and medical records 100 questionnaires that were answered by the mothers on discharge Focus groups and conjoint interview Key findings Safe mother and safe practitioner practices were achieved by decreasing childbirth risks Caesarean births can be reduced with caseload midwifery Midwifery group program achieved higher levels of continuity of care from the perspectives of the mothers and birth records The study was beneficial to the students for the development of woman-centered focus and also for the other stakeholders 4. Maternity care in Australia includes the postnatal, intrapartum and antenatal care for the babies and women that extend for six weeks after birth. The review of the maternity services identified a wide range of models for maternity care that are currently practiced in Australia with an estimation of 92.7% of the Australian women receive the care through four models. One of the four models is used that consists of shared maternity care, public hospital care, combined maternity care and private maternity care. Continuity of care has been recognized as an integral feature of the maternity care of women and the demand for the continuity of care models for the midwives is in increasing demands. Midwifery group practices providing care in the community and hospital are critical care providers of public homebirth (Health.gov.au, 2016). Recommendations from the six articles reflect what is already happening in the Australian maternity care. Cummins, Denney-Wilson Homer (2015) recommended that midwifery continuity of care is beneficial for the new born and women and the models providing the service is increasing in Australia. This is in accordance with the Australian maternity care guidelines and the study conducted by them developed consolidated knowledge and skills and trusting relationships among the new graduate midwives. According to the recommendation by Tracy et al. (2013), the configuration of caseload model was implemented and it differed from the model of standard midwifery care. It was found from the study that although there was no significant difference achieved with the caseload model for caesarean section, it costs lesser than the standard care with almost similar outcomes. Therefore, it can be said that the studies included in this assignment reflected the present situation of the Australian maternity care. The research population selected in the studies consisted primarily of the pregnant women and the midwives. They are the providers and recipient of maternity care in Australia and therefore, it can be said that the research population in all of the studies in this assignment are similar to those who are accessing maternity care in Australia. From the study conducted by Dove Muir-Cochrane (2014), 8 midwives were recruited along with 1 obstetrician and 17 women as the study participants. The obstetrician provided clinical support in the study and provided insight to the midwives for conceptualizing safety and risk. The study conducted by McLachlan et al. (2012) included 2314 pregnant women who are at low risk. Power calculations based on caesarean rate were used for recruiting the women in the study. Therefore, form the studies, it can be said that the recommendations provided should be adopted for the betterment of the continuity of midwifery care for the mothers and the new born bab ies. Various practical issues have to be considered to adopt the recommendations stated in the studies. This may include the availability of equipment, additional training and cost. From the study conducted by Williams et al. (2010), it was recommended that having a known midwife during the time of labor provides advantages to the women as they feel assured that their caregivers respects, understands and knows them. It was also suggested by the authors that the definition of continuity goes beyond the known midwifery in case of labor and accommodates postnatal and antenatal care. Therefore, the new midwifery graduates need to be trained to develop supportive relationships with the women. The training would provide them with the adequate skills and knowledge required for the implementation of the recommendation by the researchers. As evident from the study by Tracy et al. (2013), it can be said that adoption of the caseload midwifery care model against the standard care procedure is cost e ffective and the clinical outcomes are similar. Public health expenditure can be reduced to greater extent by reducing the costs of maternity care as it is one of the leading causes for hospital admission in Australia. Introduction of sophisticated equipment to support the care models can further benefit this process and therefore considering these practical issues, the recommendations provided in the studies can be adopted. The recommendations that were not explored in the papers consisted of the implications for the future study and were beyond the scope of the papers. Therefore, following those recommendations will benefit the healthcare system of Australia with their adoption. According to the research work by Cummins, Denney-Wilson Homer (2015), the unexplored part of the research consisted of the discovery of the need for the new graduates midwives to complete the transition support program or should gather sufficient relevant experience prior to working in the midwifery continuity. According to this recommendation, adopting it will benefit the Australian community in terms of health as with better-skilled midwives, better care can be achieved. According to Dove Muir-Cochrane (2014), the unexplored part included the identification of the operating location of the cultural themes and finding out their constraint or beneficial nature towards the expressions of identity. Adopting these recommendatio ns will reframe the relationships of the midwives with the medical staffs and the cross-cultural communication barriers can be addressed as they very crucial and problematic in the present scenario of Australian healthcare. Therefore, it can be said that it will benefits all over if the unexplored recommendations are followed from the papers as they take the individual studies to their next level where better care options are available that will benefit both the midwives and the mothers. The recommendations of all the authors agreed at a common point that continuity of midwifery care is an essential aspect of the mother and the new born child. Different authors have adopted different strategies to implement different methods to improve this process with a common aim of recommending a better solution to the existing problems in the Australian community. Different settings were selected for the individual studies and apart from the mothers and the midwives, other stakeholders of healthcare were also included in the studies to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the recommendations. All turned out to be effective enough in terms of reduced costs, trained new midwifery graduates, developed relationships and reduced caesarean births and therefore, it can be said that there was agreement among all the authors on the proposed recommendations. 5.The best aspects of this assignment have been listed below. A descriptive concept of the present situation in the Australian midwifery community. Detailed knowledge of the various care models for the mothers and the babies adopted by the midwives. Exposure to the cost effective ways to provide midwifery care through caseload midwifery. The following aspects could have been improved. Reviewing a larger number of articles to achieve further exposure of the research studies on midwifery. Reviewing the journals and articles from out of Australia as continuity of midwifery care is a global issue. Working on the recommendations provided by the articles to gather a broader concept of the research studies. Feedback is requested on the critical review of the research papers and their in-depth analysis carried out in this assignment. References Browne, J., Haora, P. J., Taylor, J., Davis, D. L. (2014). "continuity of care" experiences in midwifery education: Perspectives from diverse stakeholders.Nurse Education in Practice,14(5), 573-578. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2014.01.014 Cummins, A. M., Denney-Wilson, E., Homer, C. S. E. (2015). The experiences of new graduate midwives working in midwifery continuity of care models in australia.Midwifery,31(4), 438. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2014.12.013 Department of Health | Provision of maternity care. (2016).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 6 August 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/pacd-maternityservicesplan-toc~pacd-maternityservicesplan-chapter3 Dove, S., Muir-Cochrane, E. (2014). Being safe practitioners and safe mothers: A critical ethnography of continuity of care midwifery in australia.Midwifery,30(10), 1063. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2013.12.016 McLachlan, H., Forster, D., Davey, M., Farrell, T., Gold, L., Biro, M.. . Waldenstrm, U. (2012). Effects of continuity of care by a primary midwife (caseload midwifery) on caesarean section rates in women of low obstetric risk: The COSMOS randomised controlled trial.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,119(12), 1483-1492. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03446.x Tracy, S. K., Hartz, D. L., Tracy, M. B., Allen, J., Forti, A., Hall, B.. . Kildea, S. (2013). Caseload midwifery care versus standard maternity care for women of any risk: M@NGO, a randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England),382(9906), 1723-1732. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61406-3 Williams, K., Lago, L., Lainchbury, A., Eagar, K. (2010). Mothers views of caseload midwifery and the value of continuity of care at an australian regional hospital.Midwifery,26(6), 615-621. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2009.02.003